在英语中,介词“with”是高频词汇之一,其用法灵活多样,既能表达具体的伴随关系,也能抽象的逻辑联系。理解并掌握“with”的用法,不仅能提升语言表达的准确性,还能让句子结构更丰富。本文将从核心功能、常见场景、复合结构、固定搭配及实用建议等角度,系统解析“with”的用法。
“with”的核心功能是建立名词与其他句子成分之间的关联,具体可概括为以下三类:
1. 伴随关系
> She went to the park with her dog.(她和她的狗去了公园。)
> He is a man with a sense of humor.(他是一个幽默感很强的人。)
> The girl grew taller with each year.(女孩一年比一年高。)
2. 工具或方式
> She cut the cake with a knife.(她用刀切蛋糕。)
3. 属性或原因
> The room with two windows is mine.(那间带两扇窗的房间是我的。)
> He trembled with fear.(他因恐惧而发抖。)
根据语义的细微差别,“with”的用法可细分为以下七类:
> I had lunch with my colleagues.(我和同事一起吃午餐。)
> He slept with the light on.(他开着灯睡觉。)
> She wrote the letter with a pen.(她用钢笔写信。)
> He solved the problem with his intelligence.(他凭借智慧解决了问题。)
> Her hands shook with anger.(她气得双手发抖。)
> The road was covered with snow.(道路被积雪覆盖。)
> With more time, I would finish the project.(如果有更多时间,我就能完成项目。)
> The team competed with their rivals.(队伍与对手竞争。)
> He handled the task with care.(他认真地处理了任务。= carefully)
> She spoke with great fluency.(她说得非常流利。= fluently)
这是“with”最具特色的用法之一,通过补足语进一步宾语的状态或动作,常见形式包括:
| 结构类型 | 例句 | 作用 |
|--|-|--|
| with + 宾语 + 形容词 | Don’t speak with your mouth full.(不要满嘴食物说话。) | 状态 |
| with + 宾语 + 副词 | He lay with all his clothes on.(他和衣躺在床上。) | 强调动作的持续 |
| with + 宾语 + 介词短语 | She stood with tears in her eyes.(她含着泪站着。) | 补充细节 |
| with + 宾语 + 分词 | He left with the door unlocked.(他没锁门就离开了。) | 被动动作或主动动作 |
| with + 宾语 + 不定式 | With so much work to do, I can’t relax.(有这么多工作要做,我无法放松。) | 表示未完成的动作 |
“with”常与特定动词搭配,形成固定表达:
1. agree with(同意;适合):
> I agree with your opinion.(我同意你的观点。)
2. provide with(提供):
> The school provides students with textbooks.(学校为学生提供课本。)
3. compare with(与……相比):
> My salary can’t compare with yours.(我的工资无法与你的相比。)
4. cover with(覆盖):
> The mountain is covered with snow.(山被积雪覆盖。)
5. fight with(与……斗争):
> They fought with the enemy bravely.(他们与敌人英勇战斗。)
1. with vs. as:
> People’s ideas change with the times.(随时代变化)
> He improved as he grew older.(随着年龄增长)
2. with vs. by:
> The letter was written with a pen.(用钢笔写)
> The letter was written by hand.(手写)
1. 通过例句记忆:整理不同场景的例句,观察“with”的搭配规律。
2. 区分抽象与具体:注意“with + 抽象名词”的副词化作用(如with care = carefully)。
3. 练习复合结构:尝试用“with + 宾语 + 补足语”造句,增强表达的丰富性。
4. 避免中式思维:例如“用英语”应说“in English”,而非“with English”。
介词“with”的用法虽复杂,但通过系统分类和场景化学习,可以逐步掌握其核心逻辑。从基础的伴随关系到高级的复合结构,再到固定搭配,每一个用法都体现了英语表达的灵活性与精确性。建议学习者在实际应用中多积累例句,并注意区分易混淆的介词,从而提升语言表达的准确性和地道性。